Johnson solid

The elongated square gyrobicupola (J37), a Johnson solid
This 24 equilateral triangle example is not a Johnson solid because it is not convex. (This particular regular polyhedron is actually a stellation, the only possible one for the octahedron.)
This 24-square example is not a Johnson solid because it is not strictly convex (has 180° dihedral angles.)

In geometry, a Johnson solid is a strictly convex polyhedron, each face of which is a regular polygon, but which is not uniform, i.e., not a Platonic solid, Archimedean solid, prism or antiprism. There is no requirement that each face must be the same polygon, or that the same polygons join around each vertex. An example of a Johnson solid is the square-based pyramid with equilateral sides (J1); it has 1 square face and 4 triangular faces.

As in any strictly convex solid, at least three faces meet at every vertex, and the total of their angles is less than 360 degrees. Since a regular polygon has angles at least 60 degrees, it follows that at most five faces meet at any vertex. The pentagonal pyramid (J2) is an example that actually has a degree-5 vertex.

Although there is no obvious restriction that any given regular polygon cannot be a face of a Johnson solid, it turns out that the faces of Johnson solids always have 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 sides.

In 1966, Norman Johnson published a list which included all 92 solids, and gave them their names and numbers. He did not prove that there were only 92, but he did conjecture that there were no others. Victor Zalgaller in 1969 proved that Johnson's list was complete.

Of the Johnson solids, the elongated square gyrobicupola (J37) is unique in being locally vertex-uniform: there are 4 faces at each vertex, and their arrangement is always the same: 3 squares and 1 triangle. However, it is not vertex-transitive, as it has different isometry at different vertices, making it a Johnson solid rather than an Archimedean solid.

Contents

Names

The names are listed below and are more descriptive than they sound. Most of the Johnson solids can be constructed from the first few (pyramids, cupolae, and rotunda), together with the Platonic and Archimedean solids, prisms, and antiprisms.

The last three operations — augmentation, diminution, and gyration — can be performed more than once on a large enough solid. We add bi- to the name of the operation to indicate that it has been performed twice. (A bigyrate solid has had two of its cupolae rotated.) We add tri- to indicate that it has been performed three times. (A tridiminished solid has had three of its pyramids or cupolae removed.)

Sometimes, bi- alone is not specific enough. We must distinguish between a solid that has had two parallel faces altered and one that has had two oblique faces altered. When the faces altered are parallel, we add para- to the name of the operation. (A parabiaugmented solid has had two parallel faces augmented.) When they are not, we add meta- to the name of the operation. (A metabiaugmented solid has had 2 oblique faces augmented.)

Enumeration

Prismatoids and rotundae

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
1 Square pyramid Johnson solid 1 net.png Square pyramid.png 5 8 5 4 1 C4v
2 Pentagonal pyramid Johnson solid 2 net.png Pentagonal pyramid.png 6 10 6 5 1 C5v
3 Triangular cupola Johnson solid 3 net.png Triangular cupola.png 9 15 8 4 3 1 C3v
4 Square cupola Johnson solid 4 net.png Square cupola.png 12 20 10 4 5 1 C4v
5 Pentagonal cupola Johnson solid 5 net.png Pentagonal cupola.png 15 25 12 5 5 1 1 C5v
6 Pentagonal rotunda Johnson solid 6 net.png Pentagonal rotunda.png 20 35 17 10 6 1 C5v

Modified pyramids and bipyramids

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
7 Elongated triangular pyramid (or elongated tetrahedron) Johnson solid 7 net.png Elongated triangular pyramid.png 7 12 7 4 3 C3v
8 Elongated square pyramid (or augmented cube) Johnson solid 8 net.png Elongated square pyramid.png 9 16 9 4 5 C4v
9 Elongated pentagonal pyramid Johnson solid 9 net.png Elongated pentagonal pyramid.png 11 20 11 5 5 1 C5v
10 Gyroelongated square pyramid Johnson solid 10 net.png Gyroelongated square pyramid.png 9 20 13 12 1 C4v
11 Gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid (or diminished icosahedron) Johnson solid 11 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid.png 11 25 16 15 1 C5v
12 Triangular bipyramid Johnson solid 12 net.png Triangular dipyramid.png 5 9 6 6 D3h
13 Pentagonal bipyramid Johnson solid 13 net.png Pentagonal dipyramid.png 7 15 10 10 D5h
14 Elongated triangular bipyramid Johnson solid 14 net.png Elongated triangular dipyramid.png 8 15 9 6 3 D3h
15 Elongated square bipyramid
(or biaugmented cube)		 Johnson solid 15 net.png Elongated square dipyramid.png 10 20 12 8 4 D4h
16 Elongated pentagonal bipyramid Johnson solid 16 net.png Elongated pentagonal dipyramid.png 12 25 15 10 5 D5h
17 Gyroelongated square bipyramid Johnson solid 17 net.png Gyroelongated square dipyramid.png 10 24 16 16 D4d

Modified cupolas and rotunda

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
18 Elongated triangular cupola Johnson solid 18 net.png Elongated triangular cupola.png 15 27 14 4 9 1 C3v
19 Elongated square cupola
(diminished rhombicuboctahedron)		 Johnson solid 19 net.png Elongated square cupola.png 20 36 18 4 13 1 C4v
20 Elongated pentagonal cupola Johnson solid 20 net.png Elongated pentagonal cupola.png 25 45 22 5 15 1 1 C5v
21 Elongated pentagonal rotunda Johnson solid 21 net.png Elongated pentagonal rotunda.png 30 55 27 10 10 6 1 C5v
22 Gyroelongated triangular cupola Johnson solid 22 net.png Gyroelongated triangular cupola.png 15 33 20 16 3 1 C3v
23 Gyroelongated square cupola Johnson solid 23 net.png Gyroelongated square cupola.png 20 44 26 20 5 1 C4v
24 Gyroelongated pentagonal cupola Johnson solid 24 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal cupola.png 25 55 32 25 5 1 1 C5v
25 Gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda Johnson solid 25 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda.png 30 65 37 30 6 1 C5v
26 Gyrobifastigium Johnson solid 26 net.png Gyrobifastigium.png 8 14 8 4 4 D2d
27 Triangular orthobicupola
(gyrate cuboctahedron)		 Johnson solid 27 net.png Triangular orthobicupola.png 12 24 14 8 6 D3h
28 Square orthobicupola Johnson solid 28 net.png Square orthobicupola.png 16 32 18 8 10 D4h
29 Square gyrobicupola Johnson solid 29 net.png Square gyrobicupola.png 16 32 18 8 10 D4d
30 Pentagonal orthobicupola Johnson solid 30 net.png Pentagonal orthobicupola.png 20 40 22 10 10 2 D5h
31 Pentagonal gyrobicupola Johnson solid 31 net.png Pentagonal gyrobicupola.png 20 40 22 10 10 2 D5d
32 Pentagonal orthocupolarotunda Johnson solid 32 net.png Pentagonal orthocupolarotunda.png 25 50 27 15 5 7 C5v
33 Pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda Johnson solid 33 net.png Pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda.png 25 50 27 15 5 7 C5v
34 Pentagonal orthobirotunda
(gyrate icosidodecahedron)		 Johnson solid 34 net.png Pentagonal orthobirotunda.png 30 60 32 20 12 D5h
35 Elongated triangular orthobicupola Johnson solid 35 net.png Elongated triangular orthobicupola.png 18 36 20 8 12 D3h
36 Elongated triangular gyrobicupola Johnson solid 36 net.png Elongated triangular gyrobicupola.png 18 36 20 8 12 D3d
37 Elongated square gyrobicupola
(gyrate rhombicuboctahedron)		 Johnson solid 37 net.png Elongated square gyrobicupola.png 24 48 26 8 18 D4d
38 Elongated pentagonal orthobicupola Johnson solid 38 net.png Elongated pentagonal orthobicupola.png 30 60 32 10 20 2 D5h
39 Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola Johnson solid 39 net.png Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola.png 30 60 32 10 20 2 D5d
40 Elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda Johnson solid 40 net.png Elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda.png 35 70 37 15 15 7 C5v
41 Elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda Johnson solid 41 net.png Elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda.png 35 70 37 15 15 7 C5v
42 Elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda Johnson solid 42 net.png Elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda.png 40 80 42 20 10 12 D5h
43 Elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda Johnson solid 43 net.png Elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda.png 40 80 42 20 10 12 D5d
44 Gyroelongated triangular bicupola
(2 chiral forms)		 Johnson solid 44 net.png Gyroelongated triangular bicupola.png 18 42 26 20 6 D3
45 Gyroelongated square bicupola
(2 chiral forms)		 Johnson solid 45 net.png Gyroelongated square bicupola.png 24 56 34 24 10 D4
46 Gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola
(2 chiral forms)		 Johnson solid 46 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola.png 30 70 42 30 10 2 D5
47 Gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda
(2 chiral forms)		 Johnson solid 47 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda.png 35 80 47 35 5 7 C5
48 Gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda
(2 chiral forms)		 Johnson solid 48 net.png Gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda.png 40 90 52 40 12 D5

Augmented prisms

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
49 Augmented triangular prism Johnson solid 49 net.png Augmented triangular prism.png 7 13 8 6 2 C2v
50 Biaugmented triangular prism Johnson solid 50 net.png Biaugmented triangular prism.png 8 17 11 10 1 C2v
51 Triaugmented triangular prism Johnson solid 51 net.png Triaugmented triangular prism.png 9 21 14 14 D3h
52 Augmented pentagonal prism Johnson solid 52 net.png Augmented pentagonal prism.png 11 19 10 4 4 2 C2v
53 Biaugmented pentagonal prism Johnson solid 53 net.png Biaugmented pentagonal prism.png 12 23 13 8 3 2 C2v
54 Augmented hexagonal prism Johnson solid 54 net.png Augmented hexagonal prism.png 13 22 11 4 5 2 C2v
55 Parabiaugmented hexagonal prism Johnson solid 55 net.png Parabiaugmented hexagonal prism.png 14 26 14 8 4 2 D2h
56 Metabiaugmented hexagonal prism Johnson solid 56 net.png Metabiaugmented hexagonal prism.png 14 26 14 8 4 2 C2v
57 Triaugmented hexagonal prism Johnson solid 57 net.png Triaugmented hexagonal prism.png 15 30 17 12 3 2 D3h

Modified Platonic solids

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
58 Augmented dodecahedron Johnson solid 58 net.png Augmented dodecahedron.png 21 35 16 5 11 C5v
59 Parabiaugmented dodecahedron Johnson solid 59 net.png Parabiaugmented dodecahedron.png 22 40 20 10 10 D5d
60 Metabiaugmented dodecahedron Johnson solid 60 net.png Metabiaugmented dodecahedron.png 22 40 20 10 10 C2v
61 Triaugmented dodecahedron Johnson solid 61 net.png Triaugmented dodecahedron.png 23 45 24 15 9 C3v
62 Metabidiminished icosahedron Johnson solid 62 net.png Metabidiminished icosahedron.png 10 20 12 10 2 C2v
63 Tridiminished icosahedron Johnson solid 63 net.png Tridiminished icosahedron.png 9 15 8 5 3 C3v
64 Augmented tridiminished icosahedron Johnson solid 64 net.png Augmented tridiminished icosahedron.png 10 18 10 7 3 C3v

Modified Archimedean solids

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
65 Augmented truncated tetrahedron Johnson solid 65 net.png Augmented truncated tetrahedron.png 15 27 14 8 3 3 C3v
66 Augmented truncated cube Johnson solid 66 net.png Augmented truncated cube.png 28 48 22 12 5 5 C4v
67 Biaugmented truncated cube Johnson solid 67 net.png Biaugmented truncated cube.png 32 60 30 16 10 4 D4h
68 Augmented truncated dodecahedron Johnson solid 68 net.png Augmented truncated dodecahedron.png 65 105 42 25 5 1 11 C5v
69 Parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron Johnson solid 69 net.png Parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron.png 70 120 52 30 10 2 10 D5d
70 Metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron Johnson solid 70 net.png Metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron.png 70 120 52 30 10 2 10 C2v
71 Triaugmented truncated dodecahedron Johnson solid 71 net.png Triaugmented truncated dodecahedron.png 75 135 62 35 15 3 9 C3v
72 Gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 72 net.png Gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron.png 60 120 62 20 30 12 C5v
73 Parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 73 net.png Parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron.png 60 120 62 20 30 12 D5d
74 Metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 74 net.png Metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron.png 60 120 62 20 30 12 C2v
75 Trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 75 net.png Trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron.png 60 120 62 20 30 12 C3v
76 Diminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 76 net.png Diminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 55 105 52 15 25 11 1 C5v
77 Paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 77 net.png Paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 55 105 52 15 25 11 1 C5v
78 Metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 78 net.png Metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 55 105 52 15 25 11 1 Cs
79 Bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 79 net.png Bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 55 105 52 15 25 11 1 Cs
80 Parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 80 net.png Parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 50 90 42 10 20 10 2 D5d
81 Metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 81 net.png Metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 50 90 42 10 20 10 2 C2v
82 Gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 82 net.png Gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 50 90 42 10 20 10 2 Cs
83 Tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron Johnson solid 83 net.png Tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron.png 45 75 32 5 15 9 3 C3v

Elementary and Modified Elementary

Jn Solid name Net Image V E F F3 F4 F5 F6 F8 F10 Symmetry
84 Snub disphenoid
(Siamese dodecahedron)		 Johnson solid 84 net.png Snub disphenoid.png 8 18 12 12 D2d
85 Snub square antiprism Johnson solid 85 net.png Snub square antiprism.png 16 40 26 24 2 D4d
86 Sphenocorona Johnson solid 86 net.png Sphenocorona.png 10 22 14 12 2 C2v
87 Augmented sphenocorona Johnson solid 87 net.png Augmented sphenocorona.png 11 26 17 16 1 Cs
88 Sphenomegacorona Johnson solid 88 net.png Sphenomegacorona.png 12 28 18 16 2 C2v
89 Hebesphenomegacorona Johnson solid 89 net.png Hebesphenomegacorona.png 14 33 21 18 3 C2v
90 Disphenocingulum Johnson solid 90 net.png Disphenocingulum.png 16 38 24 20 4 D2d
91 Bilunabirotunda Johnson solid 91 net.png Bilunabirotunda.png 14 26 14 8 2 4 D2h
92 Triangular hebesphenorotunda Johnson solid 92 net.png Triangular hebesphenorotunda.png 18 36 20 13 3 3 1 C3v

See also

References

External links

Johnson solid navigator
Prismatoids and rotundae
square pyramid  · pentagonal pyramid  · triangular cupola  · square cupola  · pentagonal cupola  · pentagonal rotunda
Modified pyramids and dipyramids
elongated triangular pyramid  · elongated square pyramid  · elongated pentagonal pyramid  · gyroelongated square pyramid  · gyroelongated pentagonal pyramid  · triangular dipyramid  · square dipyramid  · pentagonal dipyramid  · elongated triangular dipyramid  · elongated square dipyramid  · elongated pentagonal dipyramid  · gyroelongated square dipyramid
Modified cupolae and rotundae
elongated triangular cupola  · elongated square cupola  · elongated pentagonal cupola  · elongated pentagonal rotunda  · gyroelongated triangular cupola  · gyroelongated square cupola  · gyroelongated pentagonal cupola  · gyroelongated pentagonal rotunda  · gyrobifastigium  · triangular orthobicupola  · square orthobicupola  · square gyrobicupola  · pentagonal orthobicupola  · pentagonal gyrobicupola  · pentagonal orthocupolarotunda  · pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda  · pentagonal orthobirotunda  · elongated triangular orthobicupola  · elongated triangular gyrobicupola  · elongated square gyrobicupola  · elongated pentagonal orthobicupola  · elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola  · elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda  · elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda  · elongated pentagonal orthobirotunda  · elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda  · gyroelongated triangular bicupola  · gyroelongated square bicupola  · gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola  · gyroelongated pentagonal cupolarotunda  · gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda
Augmented prisms
augmented triangular prism  · biaugmented triangular prism  · triaugmented triangular prism  · augmented pentagonal prism  · biaugmented pentagonal prism  · augmented hexagonal prism  · parabiaugmented hexagonal prism  · metabiaugmented hexagonal prism  · triaugmented hexagonal prism
Modified Platonic solids
augmented dodecahedron  · parabiaugmented dodecahedron  · metabiaugmented dodecahedron  · triaugmented dodecahedron  · metabidiminished icosahedron  · tridiminished icosahedron  · augmented tridiminished icosahedron
Modified Archimedean solids
augmented truncated tetrahedron  · augmented truncated cube  · biaugmented truncated cube  · augmented truncated dodecahedron  · parabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron  · metabiaugmented truncated dodecahedron  · triaugmented truncated dodecahedron  · gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron  · parabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron  · metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron  · trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron  · diminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · paragyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · metagyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · bigyrate diminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · parabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · metabidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · gyrate bidiminished rhombicosidodecahedron  · tridiminished rhombicosidodecahedron
Miscellaneous
snub disphenoid  · snub square antiprism  · sphenocorona  · augmented sphenocorona  · sphenomegacorona  · hebesphenomegacorona  · disphenocingulum  · bilunabirotunda  · triangular hebesphenorotunda